Revisiting the Indonesian prefixes peN-, pe2- and per-
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26499/li.v36i2.80Keywords:
prefix, allomorphs, affix substitutionAbstract
This paper presents a literature review on three nominalising prefixes in Indonesian: peN-, pe2- and per- whose function is to create agent, instrument, or patient (e.g. tulis ‘to write’ – penulis ‘writer’, wisata ‘travel’ – pewisata ‘traveller’ and tapa ‘ascetic’ – pertapa ‘hermit’). The ‘N-‘ in peN- stands for ‘nasal’ due to its five nasalised allomorphs (e.g. pen-, peny-, pem-, peng-, and penge-). However, there is one peN- allomorph which is not nasalised, henceforth called pe1-. Pe2-, the other prefix, is described as having similar in form and meaning as pe1-. Per-, the last prefixed is described as the archaic nominalisation prefix. Some theorists believed that Indonesian nominalisation is derived from peN- and per- in which pe2- belongs to per-, some argued that it is formed from peN- in which pe2- is one of peN- variant or per-, and some stated that nouns are derived from peN-, pe2- or per-. PeN- is described as the most productive of the three prefixes and is believed to correlate with the verbal prefix meN- (e.g. menulis ‘to write’ – penulis ‘writer’) with the process of affix substitution. Whereas pe2- is described as corresponding with the verbal prefix ber- (e.g. berwisata ‘to travel’ – pewisata ‘traveller’). Thus far, there has been no consensus addressing whether pe2- the allomorph of peN- or per- or none of them. This paper will examine existing theories and research relevant to this issue.
References
Adriani, M., Nazief, B., Asian, J., & Tahaghoghi, S. (2007). Stemming Indonesian: A confix–Stripping approach. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, 6(4), Article 13.
Arka, I. W., Dalrymple, M., Mistica, M., & Mofu, S. (2009). A linguistic and computational morphosyntactic analysis for the applicative -i in Indonesian. In M. Butt & T. H. King (Eds.), International lexical functional grammar conference (lfg) (pp. 85–105). CSLI Publications.
Asian, J., Williams, H. E., & Tahaghoghi, S. M. M. (2005). Stemming Indonesian. In Estivill-Castro (Ed.), The 28th Australasian computer science conference (ACSC 2005) (Vol. 38). Australian Computer Society, Inc.
Baayen, R. (1993). Yearbook of morphology. In G. Booij & J. van
Marle (Eds.) (pp. 181–208). Kluwer.
Baayen, R. H., & A.Neijt. (1997). Productivity in context: A case study of a Dutch suffix. Linguistics, 35, 565–587.
Baayen, R., & Lieber, R. (1991). Productivity and English derivation: A corpus-based study. Linguistics, 29, 801–844.
Baayen, R., & Renouf, A. (1996). Chronicling the times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language, 72, 69–96.
Benjamin, G. (2009). Affixes, Austronesian and iconicity in Malay.
Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 165(2–3), 291–323.
Blevins, J. P., Ackerman, F., Malouf, R., & Ramscar, M. (2016). Morphological metatheory. In D. Siddiqi & H. Harley (Eds.) (pp. 271–300). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Chaer, A. (2008). Morfologi bahasa Indonesia (pendekatan proses). Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Darwowidjojo, S. (1983). Some aspects of Indonesian linguistics. Jakarta: Djambatan.
Ermanto. (2016). Morfologi afiksasi Bahasa Indonesia masa kini: Tinjauan dari morfologi derivasi dan infleksi. Jakarta: Kencana.
Goldhahn, D., Eckart, T., & Quasthoff, U. (2012). Building large monolingual dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 languages. In Proceedings of the eighth international conference on language resources and evaluation (pp. 1799–1802).
Kridalaksana, H. (2007). Kelas kata dalam bahasa indonesia (second). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Kroeger, P. R. (2007). Architectures, rules, and preferences: Variations on themes of Joan Bresnan. In A. Zaenen, J. Simpson, T. H. King, G. Jane, J. Maling, & C. Manning (Eds.) (pp. 229–251). Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.
Larasati, S., Kuboň, V., & Zeman, D. (2011). Indonesian morphology tool MorphInd: Towards an Indonesian corpus. In M. C. & P. M. (Eds.), Systems and frameworks for computational morphology (Vol. 100, pp. 119–129). Springer.
Oktarino, A. B., Winahyu, D. T., Halim, A., & Suhartono, D. (2016). Generating affixed words from a root word and getting lemma from affixed word in Bahasa: Indonesian language. International Journal of Knowledge Engineering, 2(3), 132–136.
Pisceldo, F., Mahendra, R., Manurung, R., & Arka, I. W. (2008). A two-level morphological analyser for the Indonesian language. In In proceedings of the 2008 australasian language technology association workshop ALTA 2008 (pp. 142–150).
Plag, I. (1999). Morphological productivity: Structural constraints in English derivation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Putrayasa, I. B. (2008). Kajian morfologi: Bentuk derivasional dan infleksional. Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
R Team, D. C. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
R Team, S. (2015). RStudio: Integrated development for r. rstudio. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.rstudio.com/
Ramlan, M. (2009). Morfologi: Suatu tinjauan deskriptif. Yogyakarta: CV Karyono.
Sawardi, F. (2015). Perilaku keterpilahan (split-S) Bahasa Indonesia. Nuansa Indonesia, XVII(1), 36–44.
Setiawan, R., Kurniawan, A., Budiharto, W., Kartowisastro, I. H., &
Prabowo, H. (2016). Flexible affix classification for stemming Indonesian language. 2016 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology ECTI-CON, 1–6.
Sneddon, J. N., Adelaar, A., Djenar, D. N., & Ewing, M. C. (2010). Indonesian: A comprehensive grammar (second). New York: Routledge.
Subroto, E. (2012). Pemerian morfologi Bahasa Indonesia: Berdasarkan perspektif derivasi dan infleksi proses afiksasi. Surakarta: Yuma Pressino.
Sugerman. (2016). Morfologi Bahasa Indonesia: Kajian ke arah linguistik deskriptif. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.
Suhartono, D., Christiandy, D., & Rolando, R. (2014). Lemmatization technique in Bahasa: Indonesian language. Journal of Software, 9.
Sutanto, I. (2002). Verba berkata dasar sama dengan gabungan afiks meN-i atau meN-kan. Makara, Sosial-Humaniora, 6(2), 82–87.
Tjia, J. (2015). Grammatical relations and grammatical categories in Malay: The Indonesian prefix meN- revisited. Wacana, 16(1), 105–132.
Tomaschek, F., Tucker, B. V., Wieling, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2014). Vowel articulation affected by word frequency. In 10th international seminar on speech production (pp. 425–428).
Tomaschek, F., Wieling, M., Arnold, D., & Baayen, R. H. (2013). Word frequency, vowel length and vowel quality in speech production: An ema study of the importance of experience. In INTERSPEECH (pp. 1302–1306).
Tomasowa, F. H. (2007). The reflective experiential aspect of meaning of the affix -i in Indonesian. Linguistik Indonesia, 25(2), 83–96.
Verhaar, J. W. M. (2010). Asas-asas linguistik umum. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.
Rajeg, G.P.W. (2013). Metonymy in Indonesian prefixal word formation. Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture, 1(2), 64–81. https://doi.org/10.4225/03/58f2ffbfd547b