Situasi Sosiolinguistik bahasa-bahasa di Tanah Papua

Yusuf Willem Sawaki; Hugo Warami; Maryanti Mokoagouw; Ahmad Yani

doi:10.26499/li.v44i2.1128

Authors

Yusuf Willem Sawaki (SCOPUS ID: 18635502400), CELD-UNIPA Manokwari
Hugo Warami Prodi S2 Linguistik, Universitas Papua
Maryanti Mokoagouw Prodi S2 Linguistik, Universitas Papua
Ahmad Yani Prodi S2 Linguistik, Universitas Papua

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26499/li.v44i2.1128

Keywords:

Tanah Papua, situasi sosiolinguistik, multilingualisme, kontak bahasa, keterancaman bahasa

Abstract

Tanah Papua merupakan wilayah dengan keragaman bahasa tertinggi di Indonesia, yaitu sekitar 38% bahasa dari seluruh Indonesia, atau 276 bahasa dari dua rumpun utama: Papua dan Austronesia. Meskipun memiliki keragaman yang luar biasa, deskripsi sistematis dan menyeluruh tentang situasi sosiolinguistiknya dari masa ke masa masih terbatas. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan situasi sosiolinguistik di Tanah Papua dari perspektif temporal dan spasial: masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa yang akan datang. Pendekatan sosiolinguistik deskriptif digunakan dengan mengombinasikan analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data bersumber dari (1) penelitian lapangan langsung di berbagai wilayah ekologi di Tanah Papua, dan (2) literatur dan penelitian terdahulu yang sudah ada tentang bahasa-bahasa di Tanah Papua. Artikel ini mendokumentasikan sejarah migrasi manusia dan kontak bahasa di masa prasejarah dan kolonial, kondisi multilingualisme dan penggunaan lingua franca masa kini, perubahan sosiodemografis akibat migrasi penduduk asli Papua dan non-Papua, serta situasi keterancaman bahasa yang dialami banyak bahasa daerah di Papua. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun multilingualisme masih menjadi ciri khas Tanah Papua, meningkatnya migrasi penduduk non-Papua mengancam pemertahanan bahasa-bahasa daerah secara serius, sehingga program dokumentasi dan revitalisasi bahasa yang berkelanjutan sangat diperlukan.

Author Biography

Yusuf Willem Sawaki, (SCOPUS ID: 18635502400), CELD-UNIPA Manokwari

Scopus URL: https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=18635502400

Google Scholar URL: https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=AsHzXZsAAAAJ&hl=en

References

Austin, P. K. (2010). Current issues in language documentation. Language Documentation and Description, Volume 7: 12-33. SOAS. DOI:https://doi.org/10.25894/ldd225.

Bellwood, P. (1997). Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. University of Hawaiʻi Press.

Bellwood, P. S. (1998). From Bird’s Head to bird’s eye view: long-term structures and trends in Indo-Pacific Prehistory. Perspectives on the Bird’s Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Miedema, J, C. Ode, and R. Dam (eds.): 951–975. Amsterdam Rodopi.

Bowen, N. (2011). What is Dialect and Why Study It? Swansea University. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33681.66409.

Budiono, S & D. Luthfiah. (2019). Revitalisasi Bahasa Tobati Berbasis Sekolah di Kota Jayapura. Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan.

Conroy, J. (2013). The informal economy in Monsoon Asia and Melanesia: West New Guinea and the Malay world. Dalam Crawford School Working Paper 13-04. Australian National University. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2204036.

Donohue, M. (1999). Warembori. Lincom Europa.

Donohue, M. (2002). Tobati. Dalam Lynch, John and Ross, Malcolm and Crowley, Terry (eds.): The Oceanic Languages. 186-203. Curzon.

Donohue, M. & Y. Sawaki. (2007). Papuan Malay pronominals: Forms and functions. Oceanic Linguistics 46(1):253-276. https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2007.0017.

Evans, N. (2011). Dying words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us. John Wiley & Sons.

Foley, W. A. (1986). Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge University Press.

Foley, W. A. (2000). The languages of New Guinea. Annual Review of Anthropology 29:357–404. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.357.

Foley, W. A. (2010). Language contact in the New Guinea region. Dalam H. Raymond (Ed.). The Handbook of Language Contact. 796-813.

Franceschini, R. (2013). History of multilingualism. The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 4: 2526-2534. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0511

Gil, D. (2023). Recent contact features in Northwest Papuan Malay. H. Nomoto and A. Shiohara (Eds.). Language contact between Malay and indigenous languages. Nusa 75: 53-116. https://tufs.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000127/file_preview/GIL_0416.pdf?allow_aggs=True

Grenoble, L. (2010). Language documentation and field linguistics: The state of the field. Dalam L.A. Grenoble & N.L. Furbee (eds.). Language documentation: Practice and values. 289-309. John Benjamins.

Hendriks, V., Jense, M., & Tol, S. (2003). Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches. John Benjamins.

Hilton, L. (2013). Bringing our Languages Home: Language Revitalization for Families. Heyday.

Hilton, L., & Hale, K. (2001). The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice. Academic Press.

Himmelmann, N. P. (1998). Documentary and descriptive linguistics. Linguistics 36,161–195.

Himmelmann, N. P. (2002). Documentary and descriptive linguistics. Lectures on Endangered Languages, Volume V. Osamu Sakiyama & Fubito Endo (eds.): 37-83. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim.

Himmelmann, N. P. (2006). Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for? Essentials of language documentation. Jost Gippert, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel (eds.): 1–30. Mouton de Gruyter.

Hobson, J. R. (2010). Re-awakening Languages: Theory and Practice in the Revitalization of Australia’s Indigenous languages. Sydney University Press.

Hope, G.S., J. Golson, J. Allen. (1983). Paleoecology and prehistory in New Guinea. Journal of Human Evolution, 12(1), 37-60.

Kamma, F.C. (1981). Ajaib di Mata Kita, Jilid 1. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.

Karesina, S. FC. (2019). A study on language use in Yaben. Undergraduate Skripsi. Manokwari: Universitas Papua.

Klamer, M. (2002). Typical features of Austronesian languages in Central/Eastern Indonesia. Oceanic Linguistics, 41(2), 263-382.

Klamer, M. & G. Holton. (2018). The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head. The languages and linguistics of the New Guinea Area. Bill Palmer (ed.): 569-640. De Gruyter Mouton.

Kluge, A. J. H. (2014). A Grammar of Papuan Malay. Utrecht, the Netherlands: LOT. https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/361_fulltext.pdf.

Lehmann, C. (2001). Language documentation: A program. Aspects of Typology and Universals, Walter Bisang (ed.), 83-97. Akademie-Verlag.

Lewis, M.P., G.F. Simons, and C.D Fennig. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 17th Edition. SIL International.

Mayor, I. I. (2019). Possessive Constructions in Yaben. Undergraduate Skripsi, Universitas Papua.

Mofu, S. Y. (2024). Language Use of the Poom People Living in Amban Perkam. An Undergraduate thesis. Manokwari. Universitas Papua.

Palmer, B. (2018). Language families of the New Guinea Area. The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Palmer (ed.):1-16. Walter de Gruyter.

Pine, A. & M. Turin. (2017). Language Revitalization. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.8.

Pona, L. (2008). Penduduk, Otonomi Khusus, dan Fenomena Konflik di Tanah Papua. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, III(1), 51-67.

Putri, E. Tiara. (2024). Pergeseran Sosial Demografi Provinsi Papua: Dampak Migrasi Berkepanjangan. Jurusan Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Program Studi Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota. Institut Teknologi Kalimantan. https://www.academia.edu/119205490/PERGESERAN_SOSIAL_DEMOGRAFI_PROVINSI_PAPUA_DAMPAK_MIGRASI_BERKEPANJANGAN.

Reesink, G. (2005). West Papuan languages: roots and development. Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-speaking Peoples. Pawley, Andrew, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson, and Robin Hide (Eds.): 185-218. https://hdl.handle.net/2066/41824

Sawaki, Y. W. (2016a). Teluk Wondama: Bahasa dan Masyarakat. Melacak relasi dan interaksi sosial melalui aspek kebahasaan (Working Paper Seri 3). Jurusan Antropologi. Universitas Papua.

Sawaki, Y. W. (2016b). Language Documentation and Conservation in Papua – What is it for? Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Biodiversity and Marine Conservation of the Bird’s Head Seascape, 2–5 November 2016. Universitas Papua.

Sawaki, Y. W., J. Lekeneny, A. Rumakeuw & S. Riesberg. (2016). Language Documentation and Capacity Building in West Papua: The Center for Endangered Languages Documentation, Universitas Papua. Makalah dipresentasikan pada Konferensi Internasional Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia 2016, 23–27 Agustus 2016. Denpasar. Bali, Indonesia.

Sawaki, Y. (2018). Meneropong tipologi bahasa-bahasa di Papua: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Linguistik Indonesia, 36(2), 129-143.

Sawaki, Y. (2023). Mengenal Relasi Sosial dan Bahasa di Papua. Materi kuliah umum dipresentasikan pada Pembekalan Prajurit Non-Organik di Kodam Kasuari, Papua Barat. Manokwari, 18 Maret 2023.

Sawaki, Y. & I W. Arka. (2018). Reflections on linguistic fieldwork and language documentation in eastern Indonesia. Language Documentation & Conservation. Special Publication No. 15, Bradley McDonnell, Andrea L. Berez-Kroeker, and Gary Holton (eds.):256-266. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/b5cffc60-2949-4618-be75-772a6595d205

Sawaki, Y. & I W. Arka. (akan terbit). The contemporary sociolinguistics of Western New Guinea. Oxford Guide to the Papuan Languages. Nicholas Evans & Sebastian Fedden (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sawaki, Y. & Christian, P. R. (2022). Language Maintenance and Language Perception of the Doreri-speaking people. Undergraduate Skripsi, Universitas Papua.

Spriggs, M. (1996). Chronology and colonization in Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: new data and an evaluation. Oceanic Culture History: Essays in Honour of Roger Green. J. Davidson, G. Irwin, Foss Leach, A. Pawley and D. Brown (eds.): 33-50. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology.

Woodbury, T. (2003). Defining documentary linguistics. Language Documentation and Description, Volume 1: 35-51. London: SOAS.

Woodbury, T. (2011). Language documentation. The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, Peter K. Austin & Julia Sallabank (eds.):159-186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.